Science

Overview

Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and evidence-based reasoning. Our science resources span the major disciplines and are designed to build scientific literacy — the ability to ask questions, gather evidence, form explanations, and communicate findings.

Disciplines

Physics

Study the fundamental laws governing motion, energy, forces, waves, electricity, magnetism, and thermodynamics. Physics reveals how the universe works at every scale.

Newton's Laws of Motion
Energy and work
Waves and sound
Electricity and magnetism
Thermodynamics
Modern physics and relativity

Chemistry

Explore the composition, structure, and reactions of matter. From atomic theory to organic chemistry, discover what makes up everything around us.

Atomic structure and the periodic table
Chemical bonding
Stoichiometry
States of matter
Acids and bases
Organic chemistry fundamentals

Biology

Study life in all its forms — from cells and genetics to ecosystems and evolution. Biology helps us understand living organisms and their intricate relationships.

Cell structure and function
Genetics and DNA
Evolution and natural selection
Ecology and ecosystems
Human anatomy and physiology
Microbiology

Earth Science

Investigate our planet's geology, atmosphere, oceans, and weather. Understand plate tectonics, rock cycles, climate patterns, and natural hazards.

Minerals and rocks
Plate tectonics and earthquakes
Weather and climate
Oceanography
Soil science
Natural resources

Environmental Science

Examine the interactions between humans and the environment. Study pollution, conservation, sustainability, biodiversity, and environmental policy.

Ecosystems and biodiversity
Water and air quality
Climate change science
Renewable energy sources
Conservation biology
Sustainable development

Astronomy

Explore the cosmos — stars, planets, galaxies, black holes, and the origins of the universe. Astronomy is one of the oldest and most awe-inspiring sciences.

The solar system
Stars and stellar evolution
Galaxies and cosmology
Space exploration
The Big Bang theory
Exoplanets and astrobiology

The Scientific Method

At the heart of all scientific inquiry is the scientific method — a systematic process for investigating questions about the natural world:

Observation: Notice a phenomenon or pattern in the world around you.
Question: Formulate a specific, testable question about what you observed.
Hypothesis: Propose a tentative explanation that can be tested through experimentation.
Experiment: Design and conduct a controlled experiment to test your hypothesis.
Analysis: Collect and analyze data from your experiment.
Conclusion: Determine whether the data supports or refutes your hypothesis.
Communication: Share your findings with others for review and further investigation.

Famous Scientists and Their Contributions

Isaac Newton (1643–1727)

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laid the foundation for classical mechanics, and co-invented calculus.

Marie Curie (1867–1934)

Pioneered research on radioactivity, discovered polonium and radium, and became the first person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences.

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection, fundamentally changing our understanding of life on Earth.

Albert Einstein (1879–1955)

Developed the theory of relativity, explained the photoelectric effect, and contributed to quantum mechanics.

Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958)

Produced the X-ray diffraction images critical to discovering the double-helix structure of DNA.

Study Tips for Science

Be curious: Ask "why" and "how" about everything you observe.
Learn vocabulary: Science has precise terminology — understanding terms helps you understand concepts.
Draw diagrams: Visual representations of cells, circuits, or forces deepen understanding.
Connect to real life: Look for science in cooking, weather, technology, and nature.
Review mathematical tools: Many science topics use algebra, graphing, and basic statistics.